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What is a reefer (refrigerated) container? Know uses, working, types, sizes, benefits, and cost
Reefer containers are used for goods that need to be temperature controlled during shipping. Learn more about its dimensions and cost in this blog.
When you’re exporting temperature-sensitive products like fresh produce, pharmaceuticals, meat, flowers, or chemicals, maintaining the right conditions throughout the journey is critical. Even minor temperature fluctuations can lead to spoilage, quality loss, or rejected shipments. This is why understanding refrigerated (reefer) containers is essential for any business dealing in perishable or climate-controlled cargo. In this blog, we’ll break down how reefer containers work, their uses, types and sizes available, benefits, and the costs involved — so exporters can make informed decisions.
What is a reefer container?
A reefer container is equipped with an in-built refrigeration unit that helps maintain a consistent temperature range throughout the shipping journey. Reefer containers are commonly used to transport consumables and food products such as fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meat, and seafood, and a range of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and other temperature-sensitive products that require strict temperature control. They are used to transport goods by sea, road, or rail and can be loaded and unloaded using standard container handling equipment.1
Uses of a reefer container
Here are some of the most common uses of reefer containers across industries:
Food and beverage:
Reefer containers are widely used in the food and beverage industry to transport fresh produce, frozen foods, seafood, meat, dairy, and beverages.
Pharmaceuticals:
The pharmaceutical industry uses reefer containers to transport temperature-sensitive drugs and vaccines to ensure that medication remains effective and safe for consumption.
Chemicals:
Certain types of chemicals and hazardous materials also require temperature control during transportation.
Flowers and plants:
Reefer containers are used to transport flowers and plants that require a specific temperature and humidity level to remain fresh.2
Types of refrigerated/reefer shipping containers
Here are some of the most common types of refrigerated shipping containers:
Closed reefer container:
These are the most common type of reefer containers and are available in 20-feet and 40-feet lengths. They have an integrated cooling and heating unit for consistent temperature control and are ideal for transporting perishable goods such as fruits, vegetables, and meat.
Automatic Fresh Air Management (AFAM) container:
AFAM containers use sensors to control how much fresh air enters the container. They save energy and help stop ethylene from causing spoilage. They are good for shipping flowers and fruits that release ethylene and need careful air control.
Cryogenic cooling reefer container:
These use liquid nitrogen or dry ice for ultra-low temperatures below -60°C without external power. They have a shorter lifespan due to limited cryogenic supply. Ideal for vaccines, blood plasma, and high-value seafood.
High-cube refrigerated container:
These containers are like standard refrigerated containers but are taller, with an additional foot of height. They are available in 40-feet lengths and can maintain a temperature range of -30°C to +30°C. They are suitable for transporting bulky or tall items such as pallets of goods or large equipment.
Dual-temperature container:
The refrigerated container has two separate compartments with different temperature settings, allowing for the transportation of goods that require different temperature ranges. The refrigerated shipping container is ideal for transporting goods such as frozen foods and fresh produce in the same container.
Controlled / modified atmosphere container:
These containers can control the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and humidity inside the container to extend the shelf life of perishable goods. They are ideal for transporting fruits, vegetables, and other sensitive produce.3
Features of reefer containers
The following are some of the features of reefer containers:
Temperature control:
Reefer containers or the refrigerated shipping container has built-in refrigeration systems that can maintain a specific temperature range.
GPS tracking:
Many reefer containers come equipped with GPS tracking systems that allow shippers to track the location of the container and monitor the temperature and humidity levels in real-time.
Humidity control:
Reefer containers can also control the humidity level inside the container, preventing growth of bacteria that can spoil the cargo.
Durability and strength:
These containers are built with strong materials such as stainless steel and aluminum to withstand rough handling, long journeys, and harsh weather.4
Benefits of reefer containers
Over the past decade, reefer containers have steadily gained popularity over traditional vessels, largely due to the wide range of benefits they offer:
● Extended shelf-life for products: By circulating cool air, they help slow down the ripening process and extend product shelf-life.
● No need for additional cold storage: Since they function as standalone refrigerated units, they often don't require separate cold-storage facilities upon arrival.
● Available in multiple sizes: They come in multiple sizes and capacities to suit different shipment volumes, making them suitable for small loads as well as bulk transport across various industries.
● Customizable temperature zones: Their interiors can be divided into sections with different temperature settings, enabling the shipment of chilled and frozen products in the same container.
● Durable and weather-resistant: Built to withstand tough environmental conditions, they offer long operational life and reliability.
● Flexible multimodal transport: They can move across different transport modes such as road, sea, and even air.5
How reefer containers work?
Refrigerated containers are designed to maintain the ideal environment for temperature-sensitive goods by regulating temperature, humidity, and airflow throughout the journey. Here’s how reefer containers function:
Cooling system mechanics:
The refrigeration unit in a reefer container uses a compressor, condenser, evaporator, and refrigerant loop. The compressor pressurizes refrigerant into hot liquid, which cools and evaporates at the evaporator to chill the air. The warmed gas then condenses back to liquid in the condenser, repeating the cycle to maintain temperature.
Airflow and temperature distribution:
Reefers use a bottom-air delivery system that pushes chilled air along the container floor and upward through the cargo. This method ensures consistent cooling throughout the container, preventing hotspots and maintaining uniform temperature levels regardless of the cargo type or packaging.
Advanced monitoring:
Modern reefers are equipped with sensors that constantly track temperature, humidity, and air composition. High-end remote monitoring systems can alert operators immediately if any parameter deviates from the preset range. This level of real-time visibility helps protect cargo integrity from loading to delivery and enables quick corrective action when required.6
How to stow cargo in reefer shipping containers?
Stowing cargo in a refrigerated shipping container requires planning and attention to detail to ensure that the cargo is properly loaded and secured, and the temperature and humidity levels are maintained throughout the journey. Here are some stowage principles to consider when loading cargo in a reefer container:
Pre-cooling:
Before loading the cargo, the reefer shipping container should be pre-cooled to the desired temperature to ensure that the cargo is not exposed to any sudden temperature changes.
Proper loading:
The cargo should be loaded in a way that allows for proper airflow around the cargo and ensures that the temperature and humidity levels are maintained. The cargo should be loaded on pallets, and any gaps between the cargo should be filled with dunnage material to prevent shifting during transit.
Proper airflow:
Proper airflow is essential to maintain the temperature and humidity levels inside the container. The cargo should not be loaded too tightly together, as this can restrict airflow and cause temperature fluctuations.
Monitoring:
The temperature and humidity levels inside the container should be continuously monitored throughout the journey, and any deviations should be addressed immediately to prevent damage to the cargo.
Securing the cargo:
The cargo should be properly secured using straps or other restraints to prevent shifting during transit. This is especially important for heavy or bulky cargo.7
Dimensions and sizes of a reefer container
A reefer shipping container comes in a variety of sizes to meet the needs of different cargo types and shipping requirements. The specifications listed below are representative for most reefer containers:
20' reefer container:
Tare weight
Payload capacity
Cubic capacity
Internal length
3,080 kg
27,400 kg
28.3 m3
5.44 m
40' reefer container:
Tare weight
Payload capacity
Cubic capacity
Internal length
4,800 kg
27,700 kg
59.3 m3
11.56 m
40' high cube reefer container:
Tare weight
Payload capacity
Cubic capacity
Internal length
4,480 kg
29,520 kg
67.3 m3
11.58 m
45' reefer container:
Tare weight
Payload capacity
Cubic capacity
Internal length
4,850 kg
29,150 kg
67 m3
11.57 m
The specific dimensions and capacity of reefer containers (refrigerated containers) may vary depending on the container manufacturer, the age of the container and the container owner.8
Refrigerated/reefer container cost
Reefer container prices in India vary based on size, material, and features. Here’s how each element influences the final cost:
● Size: Smaller units such as 20-foot reefers are more budget-friendly, while 40-foot and high-cube models are priced higher due to increased storage space and greater cooling capacity.
● Condition: New or one-trip containers are the most expensive; used or refurbished units are cheaper but may incur higher maintenance and energy costs.
● Type: Single-temperature reefers are entry-level, while high-cube, dual-temperature, or controlled-atmosphere units cost more due to added technology.
● Features: Advanced insulation, energy-efficient cooling, digital controls, monitoring systems, and custom fittings increase overall cost.
● Manufacturer: Established brands typically command higher prices for reliability and support, while refurbished or lesser-known options offer lower upfront costs.9
Common challenges in reefer container operations
Reefer containers are essential for temperature-sensitive cargo, but they come with a unique set of challenges that logistics teams must manage carefully. Here are some common challenges:
● Equipment malfunctions: Reefers rely on cooling systems, so failures in refrigeration, compressors, or power supply can cause temperature fluctuations and damage cargo.
● High operating costs: Reefers are more expensive than dry containers and involve higher ongoing costs for maintenance, monitoring, and equipment upkeep.
● Complex logistics: Reefer shipments require careful planning across climates and transit points to maintain power supply and stable temperature control.10
Best practices for optimal reefer container usage
To keep reefer operations running smoothly and protect temperature-sensitive cargo, businesses must follow strict handling and upkeep practices. Here are some best practices:
● Regular maintenance and inspections: Proactive maintenance is crucial to keep reefer units operating efficiently. Key components need to be checked before and after every trip to detect issues early and prevent breakdowns during transit.
● Efficient loading and unloading: Reducing the time that reefer doors remain open during stuffing and destuffing is vital. Fast, well-coordinated handling helps maintain stable temperatures — especially critical for ultra-sensitive products such as pharmaceuticals, dairy, or frozen desserts.11
Conclusion
Reefer containers are essential for today’s supply chains as more food, pharmaceutical, and specialty products require temperature-controlled transport, helping maintain stable conditions and protect product quality over long distances. While they cost more and need careful handling, following best practices such as proper loading, routine maintenance, and continuous monitoring ensures smooth operations. For businesses shipping temperature-sensitive goods, choosing the right reefer and managing it well can reduce spoilage, extend shelf life, and improve supply chain efficiency.
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Frequently Asked Questions
1. How do you set the temperature on a reefer container?
The temperature on a reefer container is set using the container’s control panel.
2. What is the capacity of a reefer container?
The capacity of a reefer container varies by size, usually ranging from 12-67 cubic meters.
3. Can a reefer container be modified?
Yes, a reefer container can be modified for specific requirements.
4. How are reefer containers powered?
Reefer containers are powered by a generator or electrical connection.
5. Are refrigerated containers airtight?
Refrigerated containers are airtight to maintain the desired temperature.
6. How much power does a reefer container consume?
A reefer container generally uses about 3 to 7 kWh of power per hour, depending on the cargo, ambient temperature, and cooling load. This electricity runs the container’s refrigeration system, including compressors, fans, and heating elements to keep the internal temperature stable for perishable goods.12
Published on April 18, 2023.
Updated on December 16, 2025.
Sources:
1. https://www.maersk.com/logistics-explained/transportation-and-freight/2025/03/06/reefer-containers
2. https://www.credlix.com/blogs/reefer-containers-explained-the-cold-chain-backbone-of-global-trade
3. https://www.credlix.com/blogs/the-role-of-reefer-containers-in-global-trade-features-benefits-and-more
4. https://subzeroreefers.com/key-features-of-high-quality-reefer-containers-in-india/
5. https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/freight-forwarding/reefer-containers/
6. https://www.maersk.com/logistics-explained/transportation-and-freight/2025/03/06/reefer-containers
7. https://www.citrusfreight.com/resource/blog/ship-perishable-goods-reefer-container
8. https://www.dsv.com/en-in/our-solutions/modes-of-transport/sea-freight/shipping-container-dimensions/reefer-container
9. https://subzeroreefers.com/understanding-reefer-containers-and-their-prices-in-india/
10. https://www.maersk.com/logistics-explained/transportation-and-freight/2025/03/06/reefer-containers
11. https://www.maersk.com/logistics-explained/transportation-and-freight/2025/03/06/reefer-containers
12. https://climatightcontainers.com.au/blog/reefer-container-power-consumption/
Updated on December 16, 2025.
Sources:
1. https://www.maersk.com/logistics-explained/transportation-and-freight/2025/03/06/reefer-containers
2. https://www.credlix.com/blogs/reefer-containers-explained-the-cold-chain-backbone-of-global-trade
3. https://www.credlix.com/blogs/the-role-of-reefer-containers-in-global-trade-features-benefits-and-more
4. https://subzeroreefers.com/key-features-of-high-quality-reefer-containers-in-india/
5. https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/freight-forwarding/reefer-containers/
6. https://www.maersk.com/logistics-explained/transportation-and-freight/2025/03/06/reefer-containers
7. https://www.citrusfreight.com/resource/blog/ship-perishable-goods-reefer-container
8. https://www.dsv.com/en-in/our-solutions/modes-of-transport/sea-freight/shipping-container-dimensions/reefer-container
9. https://subzeroreefers.com/understanding-reefer-containers-and-their-prices-in-india/
10. https://www.maersk.com/logistics-explained/transportation-and-freight/2025/03/06/reefer-containers
11. https://www.maersk.com/logistics-explained/transportation-and-freight/2025/03/06/reefer-containers
12. https://climatightcontainers.com.au/blog/reefer-container-power-consumption/
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